The chemical formula for phosphorus, discovered by the chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1774, is shown below: O P | O | P Phosphorus was discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1774. It has the chemical symbol of Ph and the atomic number 15 and is a member of Group 3 (known as chalcogens). The name "phosphorus" derives from the Greek word meaning "light bearer". Its two major allotropes are white phosphorus and red phosphorus. There are also allotropes called yellow phosphorus and violet phosphor. The elements that make up this compound have been recognized as one element since 1850. White phosphorus can be prepared by combining phosphine (PH) with acid. The resulting compound of white phosphorus is known as phosphoric acid (when HCl is used to make it). Red phosphorus can be obtained by reducing white phosphorus. It had been known for some time that the element was present in meteorites, but had not been isolated until July 16, 1880, when Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, working with Friedrich Wöhler at the University of Berlin, isolated it on the basis of its ionic state. Both Döbereiner and Wöhler first identified this new element on their own first. Thus both claimed to have discovered the element first. Wöhler soon attempted to withdraw his claim, but Döbereiner's name became associated with phosphorus. The symbol for phosphorus is Phosphorus, or P. Because of the Greek origins of the element's name it has also been Latinized as phosphorus, pyrophorus and pyrophorus. Phosphorus is a metalloid element that occurs in many minerals, usually as phosphates or phosphates. Phosphates are salts of PO (hydrated oxides of P). These ions are usually found in combination with calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). Phosphates of P can be prepared by treating a solution of P with a concentrated HCl. The resulting solution of white phosphorus is red phosphorus if the hydrogen chloride is used to neutralize the acidic phosphate. White phosphorus can also be produced from the reaction of P with sodium hypophosphite, or from calcium hypophosphite, calcium phosphide or calcium phosphoacetate by heating the products of these reactions with HCl. Combinations of white and red phosphorus are known as phosphides. Phosphides containing P-X bonds are usually more stable than those containing P-Y bonds because they have a lower number of free valence electrons - X is lower than Y. Phosphorus is used in many applications, including pyrotechnics. It is also used for the production of fuming nitric acid. Phosphorus compounds are used as fungicides, insecticides and herbicides. For example, red phosphorus can be produced by heating white phosphorus at about 760 °C in the presence of sodium metal. The phosphide is then dissolved in ether or other organic solvent to which a forming agent has been added, followed by filtration and evaporation to yield the final product. Phosphine gives red phosphorus when heated with sodium instead of hydrogen chloride. This method was discovered by Béchamp and Charbonnel-Delany during this time period.
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